Besides, Shanghai is actively promoting the popularization of electric vehicles these years. Shanghai is one of the biggest consumer electronics market in China. Shanghai, at the estuary of the Yangtze River, is the leader of the Chinese economy. However, the research on the impact of lithium pollution in the Yangtze River Basin has not yet been reported to date. This region has a well-developed electronic consumer market and rapid economic growth, which continues to promote lithium consumption.
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It contains a series of megacities, including Shanghai, Suzhou, Changsha, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing. The rapid increase in consumption and the serious shortage of recycling might lead to continuous accumulation of lithium in the developed areas where lithium is broadly used.Īs one of the most economically developed regions in China, the Yangtze River Basin has a GDP accounting for two-fifths of China. Therefore, the recycling rate is meager, even in developed countries that do well in environmental protection. The lithium batteries are still cheap enough to throw old batteries and obtain virgin material. In cities, lithium batteries are routinely discarded in the environment, along with other solid garbage. However, it might cause lots of lithium pollution. The large-scale application of lithium batteries makes a great contribution to the world economy. However, since the first commercial lithium battery was invented in 1991, it has rapidly become popular and is widely used in consumer electronics such as laptop computers, smartphones, and tablet computers. Since the concentration of lithium in the natural environment is generally very low, it does not cause damage to the environment. The lithium compounds are highly soluble therefore the main form of lithium in water is ion. In freshwater, the content is scarce, less than 0.04 mg/L. For example, the content in seawater is very low, only 0.17 mg/L. Although lithium may also be enriched in several mines and salt lakes, it is usually widely spread in trace amounts in rocks and soils, as well as in water, including surface water, groundwater, and seawater. The other two elements in the alkali metal group, sodium and potassium, account for more than 2% in the earth’s crust however, in contrast to them, the existence of lithium on the earth is scarce, counting only 0.0065%. It is very active therefore, it exists mainly in the form of compounds (such as apatite or aluminum silicide) in the environment. Lithium is the first element in the alkali metal group and the lightest metal. It is imperative to detect lithium concentration in the water environments (such as tap water and irrigation water) and effectively recycle lithium batteries in the future. This study reveals that the water environment of Shanghai might be polluted by the lithium batteries and the enrichment of lithium might cause damage to human cardiomyocytes. And we found that lithium controls cardiomyocytes’ functions through regulating glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta signaling. Moreover, lithium promotes cell apoptosis significantly. Lithium inhibits cell viability and proliferation of human cardiomyocytes. Here, we found that the concentration of lithium in the water environment is very high in Shanghai, as well as in tap water, which might be caused by the pollution of lithium batteries. However, the environmental influence of lithium in the Yangtze River Basin and its roles in cardiomyocytes have not yet been clarified. The Yangtze River Basin is one of the most developed areas in China. Lithium is widely used in the electronic consumer market and electric vehicles and has a great contribution to the world economy, resulting in large quantities of lithium waste in the environment.